Science & Universe 4: 宇宙奧秘知多少 (中英)

宇宙科學的成果 Achievements in cosmic science

浩瀚的宇宙就如一個永遠挖不完的奧秘寶藏。現代宇宙科學突飛猛進，隨著現代科技手段的巨大進步，宇宙發現的成果越來越多，特別值得一提的是其中三項發現：

The vast universe is like a mysterious treasure that can never be dug out. Modern cosmic science is advancing by leaps and bounds. With the tremendous progress of modern scientific and technological means, more and more cosmic discoveries have been made. Three of them are particularly worth mentioning:

1.暗物質 Dark Matter

我們原來認識的宇宙形態，是星球與星球之間通過萬有引力相互吸引，你繞著我轉，我繞著它轉，整個宇宙就如一個浩大的旋舞廣場，每個星球都在運轉，又都有序。

The form of the universe we originally knew was that planets attract each other through gravity. You revolve around me, and I revolve around it. The entire universe is like a vast whirling square, with each planet rotating and each planet rotating orderly.

科學家通過計算星球與星球之間的引力發現，星球自身的這點引力遠遠不夠維持一個個完整的星系。如果星系、星球間僅僅只有現有物質的萬有引力支援的話，宇宙應是一盤散沙。宇宙之所以能維持現有秩序，只能是因為還有其他物質。科學家將那些光線在經過某處時發生偏轉的看不見的物質，稱之為暗物質。

By calculating the gravitational force between planets, scientists found that the gravitational force of the planet itself is far from enough to maintain complete galaxies. If galaxies and planets were only supported by the gravitational force of existing matter, the universe would be a piece of loose sand. The universe can maintain its current order only because there is other matter. Scientists call the invisible matter that deflects light when it passes somewhere called dark matter.

這些暗物質是不是宇宙中已發現的黑洞？不是，其實黑洞只是發不出光，卻能發出其他射線的物質。暗物質有多少？科學家通過科學測算，要保持現在宇宙的運行秩序，暗物質的質量必須五倍於我們現在所看到的物質。

Are these dark matter black holes that have been discovered in the universe? No, in fact, black holes are just matter that cannot emit light, but can emit other rays. How much dark matter is there? Scientists have calculated through scientific calculations that in order to maintain the current operating order of the universe, the mass of dark matter must be five times that of the matter we see now.

2.暗能量 Dark Energy

宇宙中除了沒有看到和找到的暗物質，還有一種暗能量。科學家觀測發現，我們現在的宇宙，不僅在不斷膨脹，而且在加速膨脹。如果勻速膨脹，還可以理解，但加速膨脹，就需要有新的能量的加入。這能量是甚麼？科學家們至今沒有找到，也搞不清楚，故取名叫暗能量。

In addition to dark matter that has not been seen or found, there is also a kind of dark energy in the universe. Scientists have observed that our current universe is not only expanding, but also accelerating. If it expands at a constant speed, it is understandable, but to accelerate the expansion, new energy needs to be added. What is this energy? Scientists have not found it yet and cannot figure it out, so it is named dark energy.

暗能量有多少？科學家通過質能轉換方程Ｅ＝MC^2計算，要維持當前宇宙的這種膨脹速度，暗能量應該是現有物質和暗物質總和的一倍多。

How much dark energy is there? Scientists calculate through the mass-energy conversion equation E=MC^2 that to maintain the current expansion rate of the universe, dark energy should be more than double the sum of existing matter and dark matter.

3.量子糾纏 Quantum Entanglement

現代科學發現，對物質的研究，在進入分子、原子、量子等微觀級別後，意外非常大，出現了高溫超導如石墨烯等革命性的材料，從而發生從分子水準治癒癌症的奇蹟，而最神奇的是量子糾纏。

2022年10月4日，諾貝爾物理學獎頒給了法國科學家Alain Aspect、美國科學家John F. Clauser和奧地利科學家Anton Zeilinger。官方表彰他們的成就是「進行了糾纏光子的實驗，確立了對貝爾不等式的不成立，並開創了量子資訊科學。」瑞典皇家科學院在諾獎公報中說，三位獲獎者在量子糾纏實驗方面的貢獻，「為當前量子技術領域正發生的革命奠定了基礎。」

Modern science has discovered that the study of matter has led to great surprises after entering the microscopic levels of molecules, atoms, and quantum. 

Revolutionary materials such as high-temperature superconductors such as graphene have emerged, which has led to the miracle of curing cancer at the molecular level. The most amazing thing is quantum entanglement. 

On October 4, 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to French scientist Alain Aspect, American scientist John F. Clauser and Austrian scientist Anton Zeilinger. The official commendation for their achievements is "conducting experiments on entangled photons, establishing that Bell's inequality is not true, and creating quantum information science." The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said in the Nobel Prize Bulletin that the three laureates' achievements in quantum entanglement experiments The contribution "laid the foundation for the revolution currently taking place in the field of quantum technology."

科學實驗發現，量子糾纏並非任意兩個光子的超距作用，而是原先兩個量子已形成聯合態，各自並不獨立。當它們被拆散分開後，若測知其中一個的狀態，則另一個不論在哪裡，其態就定了。這並非兩者之間有超光速超距即時通上訊了，而是分開它們時，結果就定了。如測知其一，便定知其二，但這種情況就足已運用於「量子通訊」了。

Scientific experiments have found that quantum entanglement is not the interaction between any two photons at a distance, but that the two original quanta have formed a joint state and are not independent. When they are broken up and separated, if the state of one of them is determined, the state of the other will be determined no matter where it is. This is not because there is instant communication between the two at super-light speed and long distance, but when they are separated, the result is determined. If one is detected, the other must be known, but this situation is enough to be applied to "quantum communication".

宇宙奧秘的背後 Behind the mysteries of the universe

天究竟有多大，宇宙的邊緣在哪裡？似乎無窮無盡。一千年前人類不知道有空氣，不知道有電場、磁場，不認識元素，以為天圓地方。現在隨著科學的發達，我們認知的宇宙物質越來越多，但仍然不過是這個宇宙的5%，還有95%是我們不知道的物質。這宇宙大到難以想像。我們現在所有的物理學理論，都以光速不可超越為基礎；但宇宙中量子糾纏的傳導速度，至少四倍於光速。所以，猴年馬月我們才能真正完全認識宇宙？不知道，只能越來越多，卻永無止境。宇宙不僅浩大無邊，而且奧秘無窮。

How big is the sky and where is the edge of the universe? It seems endless. A thousand years ago, human beings did not know that there was air, electric fields and magnetic fields, and they did not know the elements. They thought that the sky was round and the earth was round. Now with the development of science, we know more and more matter in the universe, but it is still only 5% of the universe, and the remaining 95% is matter that we do not know. This universe is unimaginably big. All our current physical theories are based on the fact that the speed of light cannot be exceeded; but the propagation speed of quantum entanglement in the universe is at least four times the speed of light. So, in the Year of the Monkey and the Year of the Horse, can we truly fully understand the universe? I don’t know, it can only become more and more, but it will never end. The universe is not only vast and boundless, but also has endless mysteries.

這樣的宇宙難道是自然而然的嗎？絕對不是，而是有一位無限大能的上帝創造的。祂通過自己揀選的先知在聖經中反覆告訴我們這一點，是上帝「耶和華用能力創造大地，用智慧建立世界，用聰明鋪張穹蒼。」（耶利米書51:15）所以詩人感歎和讚美上帝：「諸天藉耶和華的命而造；萬象藉祂口中的氣而成。」（詩篇33:6）「耶和華啊，祢所造的何其多！都是祢用智慧造成的；遍地滿了祢的豐富。」（詩篇 104:24）

Is such a universe natural? Absolutely not, but created by an infinitely powerful God. He tells us this repeatedly in the Bible through his chosen prophets. It is God who "created the earth with his power, established the world with his wisdom, and stretched out the firmament with his understanding." (Jeremiah 51:15) So the poet sighed and praised God. : “By the word of the LORD the heavens were made, and all their host by the breath of his mouth.” (Psalm 33:6) “How many are your works, O LORD! In your wisdom you have created them; the earth is full of you. the riches.” (Psalm 104:24)

宇宙科學的很多發現，從已知定律中轉化到人類應用，都是造物主的恩惠實現。上帝讓萬物有規律可循，就讓我們能很好地去利用，無論是種瓜得瓜種豆得豆，無論是一些高溫超導材料和量子通訊等運用，都是上帝對人類的一種賜福。所以，我們「要倚靠那厚賜百物給我們享受的上帝。」（提摩太前書6:17）

Many discoveries in cosmic science, from known laws to human applications, are the realization of the Creator's grace. God has made all things have laws to follow, so that we can make good use of them. Whether it is the melons you sow, the beans you sow, the beans you sow, or the applications of high-temperature superconducting materials and quantum communications, these are all God’s gifts to mankind. Bless. Therefore, we “have confidence in God, who richly provides us with all things for our enjoyment.” (1 Timothy 6:17)

但是我們很多人總不相信有上帝存在，總想研究和證明有一位上帝。要知道，上帝太無限了，我們人類在一定的時間和空間裡，都是有限者。

我們這些有限者，連無限者造的萬物，如宇宙和人體都沒有辦法完全研究透，豈能研究出創造無限奧秘的上帝？所以上帝要我們憑信心去相信祂：「人非有信，就不能得上帝的喜悅；因為到上帝面前來的人必須信有上帝，且信祂賞賜那尋求祂的人。」（希伯來書11:6）

But many of us never believe in the existence of God, and always want to study and prove that there is a God. You must know that God is too infinite, and we humans are all limited in a certain period of time and space. 

We as finite beings cannot fully study even all things created by the infinite, such as the universe and the human body. How can we study the God who created the infinite mysteries? So God wants us to believe in Him by faith: “Without faith it is impossible to please God; for whoever comes to God must believe that He exists and that He is a rewarder of those who seek Him.” (Hebrews 11:6) 

朋友們，我們應該先謙卑下來認識到自己的有限性，然後通過聖經好好來瞭解上帝，這樣聖經裡上帝的話語就會幫助我們漸漸生出信心來，從而相信和認識到這位造天、造地、造人，以及能拯救和賜福我們的上帝。

Dear My Friends, we should first be humble and realize our own limitations, and then learn about God through the Bible. In this way, God’s words in the Bible will help us gradually develop faith, and thus believe in and understand the Creator of heaven and earth, the God who can save and bless us.

中信733期2023年5月